Toronto:
Babies as young as 18 months old can detect when a person's facial
expression does not match the experience, a new study has found. Researchers
from Concordia University, Canada, found that infants can detect
whether a person's emotions are justifiable given a particular context.
"Our research shows that babies cannot be fooled into believing something that causes pain results in pleasure. Adults often try to shield infants from distress by putting on a happy face following a negative experience," said psychology professor Diane Poulin-Dubois.
"But
babies know the truth: as early as 18 months, they can implicitly
understand which emotions go with which events," she said.
To perform the research, Poulin-Dubois and PhD candidate Sabrina Chiarella recruited 92 infants at the 15 and 18-month mark.
In
a lab setting, the babies watched as an actor went through several
scenarios in which emotional reactions went with or against pantomimed
experiences.In
one scenario, the researcher showed a mismatched emotion by being sad
when presented with a desired toy. In another, she expressed an emotion
that went with the experience by reacting in pain when pretending to
hurt her finger.
At
15 months, the infants did not show a significant difference in
reactions to these events, showing empathy through their facial
expressions to all sad faces. This
indicates that the understanding of the link between a facial
expression following an emotional experience is an ability that has yet
to develop at that stage. At 18 months, however, the infants clearly detected when facial expressions did not match the experience.
They
spent more time looking at the researcher's face and checked back more
frequently with the caregiver in the room with them so that they could
gauge the reaction of a trusted source.They
also showed empathy toward the person only when her sad face was
justified; that is, only when the researcher was sad or in pain when she
was supposed to be.
"The
ability to detect sadness and then react immediately has an
evolutionary implication. However, to function effectively in the social
world, children need to develop the ability to understand others'
behaviours by inferring what is going on internally for those around
them," Chiarella said. The study was published in Infancy: The Official Journal of the International Society on Infant Studies.